The Perturb and Observe Algorithm

Photovoltaic systems require maximum power point tracking for optimal efficiency. The primary goals of each of these maximum power point tracking algorithms are to improve the PV Panel operating efficiency, to attain more rapid and precise tracking performance, and to reduce the maximum power point oscillations. The Perturb and Observe (P&O) technique adjusts voltage in fixed steps to track the Maximum power point. Small steps lead to a slow response to environmental changes, while large steps cause oscillations. This paper proposes an adaptive step size and dichotomy approach to improve maximum power point tracking efficiency. The step size adapts dynamically based on the power slope. This adjustment improves the algorithm in reaching a balance between stability and fast tracking. It narrows the search space using a binary-like halving method. This continuous halving keeps on until the step size reaches a specified minimum threshold, allowing for minimal losses and precise oscillation around the maximum power point.