Edible electronics integrated with Artificial Intelligence: A comparative framework across Industry 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 for smart and sustainable supply chain management

The integration of edible electronics with artificial intelligence (AI) offers a transformative leap in supply chain management, particularly within the food and pharmaceutical industries. Edible sensors biodegradable, ingestible devices made from food-safe materials—can monitor real-time environmental conditions and product quality across the supply chain. When combined with AI, these devices can enable predictive analytics, anomaly detection, and automated decision-making for enhancing product safety, reducing waste, and ensuring traceability. This research explores the framework, applications, challenges, and future implications of integrating edible electronics with AI in supply chain systems.