Ecosystem Services in the Western Ghats for Meeting Sustainable Development Goals

The Western Ghats (WGs), also known as the Sahyadri Hills, are one of the world’s 36 biodiversity hotspots, spanning approximately 129,037 km² across peninsular India. This ecologically sensitive region supports the livelihoods of over 245 million people by providing essential ecosystem services such as water, food, timber, forage, mineral resources, carbon sequestration, and recreational opportunities. However, the sustainability of the WGs is under severe threat due to climate change and escalating anthropogenic pressures, including deforestation, habitat fragmentation, unregulated tourism, and developmental projects. This chapter assesses the current socio-economic activities in the WGs and their impact, emphasizing the urgent need for sustainable management strategies. It proposes a roadmap based on participatory governance through village eco-development committees (VEDCs), joint forest management committees (JFMCs), and enhanced enforcement of environmental laws. The chapter calls for integrated action among the WG states, industry partnerships for minimizing environmental impact, and community-led conservation efforts. Sustainable tourism, habitat restoration, and reforestation are also highlighted as critical interventions. Protecting the Western Ghats requires a coordinated, multi-stakeholder approach that balances ecological integrity with community well-being to ensure the region’s long-term resilience and prosperity.