Farming in Hill and Mountain Ecosystems

This chapter provides an overview of farming practices within the hill and mountain ecosystems of Sri Lanka, particularly focusing on the Central Highlands—a region rich in biodiversity and water resources. While farming remains a primary livelihood in this ecologically sensitive area, the region faces increasing pressure from population growth, unsustainable land use, deforestation, and gemstone mining. Traditional sustainable farming practices have deteriorated over time, leaving smallholder farmers vulnerable to climate change impacts and reduced agricultural productivity. Although farmers have adopted some climate-resilient strategies, these are no longer sufficient to meet food demands and environmental challenges in isolation. The study argues for the urgent adoption of environmentally friendly and climate-smart farming practices, such as good agricultural practices (GAPs), to enhance farm incomes and ensure sustainable livelihoods. Additionally, ecosystem restoration through nature-based solutions like increased forest cover and promotion of Kandyan home gardens is emphasized. Effective conservation requires a multi-stakeholder participation (MSP) approach, integrating local communities, government agencies, and civil society. Strengthened legal frameworks with appropriate incentives and penalties are also essential to curb illegal encroachment and resource extraction. A holistic, multidisciplinary strategy is vital for the long-term sustainability of farming in Sri Lanka’s hill and mountain ecosystems.