Ecosystem Restoration and Nature-Based Solutions for Sustainable Agricultural Production in the North-Eastern Hill Region

Ecosystem restoration and nature-based solutions (NBSs) are increasingly recognised as essential strategies for achieving sustainable agricultural production, particularly in the north-eastern hill (NEH) region of India. In response to challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and soil degradation, this chapter highlights the role of locally appropriate practices that both enhance productivity and restore ecological balance. Nature-based solutions—including reduced or no-tillage farming, cover cropping, crop rotation, agroforestry, and organic farming—are emphasised for their capacity to improve soil health, water quality, and carbon sequestration while increasing resilience to climate shocks. The use of green infrastructure, such as wetlands, terraces, and check dams, supports water regulation and biodiversity. Amelioration strategies like reforestation, biochar application, and bioenergy production help mitigate climate change and improve soil fertility. Conservation efforts, such as establishing protected areas and ecological networks, further contribute to ecosystem connectivity. These integrated approaches not only promote food security and sustainable livelihoods for hill farmers but also advance the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The chapter advocates for wider adoption of ecosystem restoration and NBS practices in agricultural landscapes to ensure long-term ecological and socio-economic resilience in the NEH region.