Population Models

This chapter explores population models as a framework for understanding ecological dynamics in single and multiple species. For single populations, the Malthusian model describes exponential growth, the logistic equation incorporates carrying capacity, and the Allee effect distinguishes between strong and weak forms of density dependence. A harvesting model further illustrates the influence of resource extraction on population persistence. Multiple-species dynamics are then examined through competition models, mutualism models, and predator–prey systems, each highlighting different interaction outcomes and stability conditions. A case study on whales and krill demonstrates the application of these models to marine ecosystems and conservation challenges. The chapter concludes with exercises designed to strengthen conceptual understanding and practical modeling skills.