2D-Materials-Based Biosensors in Food Applications

The remarkable advancements in nanotechnology have made it possible to construct functional nanomaterials with varying dimensions and aesthetically pleasing nanostructures, opening new avenues for the development of useful field biosensors. In the last ten years, several fascinating and noteworthy two-dimensional materials have been theoretically predicted and physically synthesised. These materials include graphene-based 2D materials, silicate clays, layered double hydroxides (LDHs), MXenes, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and transition metal oxides (TMOs). Two-dimensional materials have attracted a lot of attention due to their electrical, optical, physicochemical, and chemical properties. These are incredibly thin nanomaterials with unusual, modifiable characteristics, such as a high surface-to-volume ratio, anisotropy, surface charge, form, and chemical activity. Significant promise for biological technology and applications has been shown by 2D materials. Because DMs can attach to one another through π-stacking, covalent, non-covalent, and hydrogen bonding interactions, their surface plasmon resonance is increased. This phenomenon enhances the optical characteristics of 2D materials as biosensors, making them competitive with traditional biosensors because of their exceptional qualities, which include high sensitivity, label-free operation, and real-time measurement that permits molecular binding kinetics tracking. As such, a broad spectrum of 2DMs material-based sensors, including gas sensing, has potential uses in diagnostic fields like environmental monitoring, protein identification, and disease detection. The great qualities of 2DMs in food applications, such as their synthesis and surface functionalisation, are discussed in the current chapter.