2D-Materials-Based Biosensors in Agriculture

The integration of advanced sensing technologies into agriculture has transformed traditional farming into a data-driven, precision-oriented practice. Among these innovations, two-dimensional (2D) materials-based biosensors have emerged as powerful tools for enhancing efficiency, sustainability, and productivity. Owing to their exceptional electrical, optical, and mechanical properties, 2D sensors—including those derived from graphene, MXenes, transition metal dichalcogenides, and nanographene oxide—offer unprecedented sensitivity, selectivity, and multifunctionality in monitoring critical agricultural parameters. This chapter explores the principles, designs, and applications of 2D biosensors for soil quality assessment, crop health monitoring, environmental surveillance, and resource management. The potential of nanowire-based sensors and hybrid material architectures is discussed, alongside precision agriculture approaches that minimize chemical inputs and environmental impacts. Challenges such as material stability, large-scale fabrication, cost-effectiveness, and field deployment are critically analyzed. Finally, future directions are outlined, focusing on scalable sensor networks, self-powered systems, and artificial intelligence-assisted agricultural management, positioning 2D biosensors as a cornerstone of sustainable, next-generation smart farming.