Estimating benefits and costs

Explicit demands for use of Tokyo Bay for which specific governmental policies, and hence actions, are required if those demands are to be met, are based on the following linkages: (1) between disposal of liquid wastes and water-based recreation; and (2) between marine transport and heavy industrial operations associated with marine transport, and water-based recreation. The former linkage is critical because the level of ambient water quality (AWQ) affects the demand for water-based recreation, as described in Chapter 7 . The latter linkage is critical because, even if AWQ is acceptable for water-based recreation, unless there is access to shore areas and to facilities for such recreation: demand cannot be met; time and resources reflected in those demands will be expended in alternative activities; and potential benefits will be lost.