Effects of boundary and buoyancy on jet behavior in cold water

The problem of jet-boundary and jet-buoyancy interactions is theoretically and numerically investigated. A 2-D numerical simulation model is applied to a plane buoyant jet discharged horizontally into a bounded, stationary, and temperature-stratified cold waterbody with an ice cover. Numerical simulations are conducted to capture the key processes, including ambient water entrainment, jet deflection, recirculation, attachment to a boundary, impingement on a wall, and wall-jet flow Effects of boundaπes and their symmetry, external forces, buoyancy, and stratification on jet behavior are analyzed. The peculiar hydrodynamic and hydrothermal feature, ι.e. buoyancy reversal, is identified and illustrated through numerical modeling. Flow and mixing processes and circulation patterns, e.g. spreading caused by the adjacent ooundary and driven by buoyant forces, are examined and described using the simulation results. The impact of boundaries perpendicular and parallel to the flow direction is compared with the offset jet phenomenon.