Durability of concrete sewers in aggressive subsoils and groundwater conditions

Subsoil and groundwater environments cause enormous external damages to buried concrete sewers during their service life due to attack by hostile elements like chlorides, sulphates, acids, stray current,and microorganisms. Additional causes of deterioration of buried concrete sewers internally are due to high velocity flows, presence of grits and corrosive substances present in sewage. Other factors responsible for deterioration are inherent in the constituent materials by which sewers are made, Actions of these aggressive elements on buried concrete sewers and various protective measures for ensuring their long-term durability in underground environment are critically discussed based on laboratory experimentation and field investigation,