A mechanism for the existence of an unfrozen liquid in the vicinity of a solid surface

A mechanism of the existence of an unfrozen liquid was discussed using a thermodynamical analysis. The theoretical results obtained are: 1) Water in the vicinity of a particle surface can continue to be unfrozen below 0°C by the existence of the inter- molecular force field due to the interaction between water and soil particle surface. 2) The relationship between temperature and number of unfrozen water molecular layers adsorbed by kaolinite is theoretically calculated using the proposed theory. The calculated values agree well with the experimental values reported by Nersesova and Tsytovich. 3) Liquid A, in the vicinity of the surface of solid B, can remain without solidifying below the solidifying point if the condition, https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> ( ρ ℓ ψ ℓ − ρ s ψ s ) < 0 , , is satisfied in the system under consideration, and p represent the densities of liquid A and solid A, respectively, and https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> ψ ℓ and ψ c denote the potential due to the intermolecular interaction between liquid A and solid B, and that between solid A and solid B, respectively.