Freeze wall strength and stability design problems in deep shaft sinking Is current theory realistic?

The design problems associated with freeze wall temporary support in deep shaft sinking are first defined specifically with regard to the method of construction, particularly excavation and lining procedures. Selected freeze wall strength and deformation formulae are quoted and reviewed in a design guide form. Assumptions upon which the freeze wall strength and deformation formulae were determined are given and examples clarify what they mean. Comments are made about how unrealistic and inappropriate the formulae appear to be and improved theoretical approaches are proposed to remedy the situation. Finally, recommendations are given to develop the design methods further and substantiate them by laboratory testing and in situ measurement.