Evidence-Based Pharmacist Care, Clinical Pharmacy, Advanced Pharmacy Practice, and Pharmacy Clinics: France, Italy, and Spain

This chapter examines the evolution, achievements, and ongoing challenges of evidence-based pharmacist care, clinical pharmacy, advanced pharmacy practice, and pharmacy clinics in France, Italy, and Spain. It highlights how pharmacists in these countries have transitioned from traditional dispensers to integral healthcare providers actively involved in medication therapy management, chronic disease care, and public health initiatives. The chapter explores country-specific developments shaped by historical, educational, and regulatory factors, showing how each has embraced evidence-based practices, clinical specialization, and pharmacy-led patient services. Notable progress includes improved patient outcomes, expanded access to care, and enhanced collaboration within multidisciplinary teams. Despite these advancements, challenges remain—including regulatory gaps, professional recognition, interprofessional integration, and equitable service access. The chapter concludes with targeted recommendations for strengthening pharmacy practice, expanding training, promoting public engagement, and aligning national policies with global healthcare trends. Collectively, these efforts will enhance the role of pharmacists in delivering patient-centered, evidenceinformed care across Southern Europe.