Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Hybrid Energy Systems: Architecture, Management, and Standards

This chapter delivers an overview of electric vehicle charging infrastructure (EVCI) and its vital role in sustainable transportation. Various infrastructures, i.e., uncoordinated, smart, mobile, and battery swapping, and architectures, including conventional, hybrid, and renewable energy sources (RESs)-assisted systems, are discussed for electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs). Key standards related to supply equipment, charging peripherals, and power quality are also discussed. The recent advances in conversion stages involved in EVCSs, i.e., AC−DC, DC−DC, on-board, and off-board, are also discussed in detail. Centralized, decentralized, distributed, and hierarchical power management strategies are presented. Various flexibility services provided by a well-developed EVCI are highlighted the flexibility. Few case studies are also presented to highlight the significance of HESbased infrastructure for electric ferries and EVs. Finally, the chapter compiles the challenges and opportunities in developing EVCI integrated with RESs, 2 underscoring the necessity for decisive planning and investment to support a sustainable EV charging ecosystem.