Resilient ABF-SMC Design for a Novel Multisource Hybrid Electric Vehicle

The transition toward electric vehicles (EVs) has been accelerated by several factors including the depletion of fossil fuel resources, environmental issues brought on by fossil fuel vehicles, rise in fuel prices, energy dependence, and advancements in battery charging technology and manufacturing processes. Consequently, extensive research has been conducted on hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) to address the twin challenges of resource depletion and harmful emissions. This research attempts to develop a novel barrier adaptive function-based sliding mode controller (ABF-SMC) for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) of electric vehicles (EVs). The HESS comprises a fuel cell (FC), battery, supercapacitor (SC), and photovoltaic (PV) panel as power sources. The proposed BFASMC stabilizes and regulates the DC bus voltage compared with a conventional sliding mode controller (SMC). The system’s global stability has been assured through Lyapunov criteria. MATLAB/Simulink is used for the performance evaluation of the proposed 160 controller. Hardware-in-loop experiments based on the DSpace RTI1202 platform are utilized to check the application viability of the proposed controller. Battery, FC, SC, and PV currents are tracked to their respective reference values. Proposed and existing controllers are compared under varying load conditions. BFASMC eliminates the chattering effect and the steadystate error and gives the best results. Results authenticate the efficacy of the proposed controller for various operating conditions.