Sustainable E-Mobility with Blockchain-enabled Decentralized Charging Architecture

Electromobility powered through renewable energy is considered an ideal combination for sustainable engineering systems. The proliferation of renewable energy equipment like photovoltaic modules, wind turbines, and highdensity batteries has empowered local production, storage, and trading of electric power. This approach is further bolstered by the advent of smart grids capable of managing the bi-directional flow of energy, where individual producers can sell surplus power akin to a commodity market. However, the continued growth of electric vehicles (EVs) such as passenger vehicles and buses not only demands massive developments in charging infrastructure but also has a significant impact on the electrical grid. Infrastructural bottlenecks like the grid are prohibitive and one of the biggest challenges for a sustainable transition towards e-mobility. Addressing these challenges requires a paradigm shift toward decentralization that can harmonize the intricacies of EV demand, sustainable energy supply, and the dynamics of the smart grid. In this context, blockchain technologies-based applications emerge as strong potential enablers by offering trustless, transparent, and secure transactions. This chapter reviews the various challenges, opportunities, and key developments in EV charging infrastructure, electrical smart grids, renewable energy systems, and blockchain technologies.