Assessment of natural radioactivity in environmental samples near Al-Nafoura oil field, Al-Jikharra, Libya

Abstract This study evaluates natural radioactivity levels in environmental samples from Al-Nafoura oil field and surrounding areas in Al-Jikharra, Libya. Fourteen samples (soil, plant, and water) were analyzed to assess radiological hazards associated with oil and gas activities. Radionuclide concentrations of , , , , and were measured using a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. Results show elevated radionuclide levels in several samples, with some exceeding recommended limits. Notably, accumulation was pronounced in evaporation ponds, indicating localized radiological sources. Radiation hazard indices, including , and outdoor ELCR , were calculated; all remained within safe limits except for sample SO3-3, which exhibited of 2091 Bq/kg, surpassing the permissible threshold. AGDE values exceeded the world average in plant samples, signaling potential health risks. Water-source indicators stayed within acceptable ranges but neared other limits, underscoring the need for ongoing monitoring. The findings highlight radiological pollution risks for groundwater-dependent irrigation and agriculture, urging pollution reduction, water safety assurance, and protective measures for communities and ecosystems.