Progress in research on primary culture techniques of bladder smooth muscle cells

Primary culture of bladder smooth muscle cells is challenged by issues such as proneness to dedifferentiation, susceptibility to impurity contamination, and operational complexity. This article summarizes the isolation methods (tissue explant culture method, enzymatic digestion method), purification techniques (differential adhesion method, se-lective medium method, differential centrifugation, mesh filtration separation), biophysical stimulation (mechanical stretch, intravesical pressure, basic fibroblast growth factor, collagen matrix, hypoxic stimulation), identification methods (histological observation, immunofluorescence staining), and key operational considerations. By comparing the ad-vantages and disadvantages of different approaches, this review aims to provide references for subsequent related research.