Supply-Demand Co-optimisation of Park-Level Integrated Energy Systems Considering Carbon Emission Costs

[Objective] Demand-side technologies contribute to energy conservation and load regulation in integrated energy systems. However，most existing models focus solely on optimising the supply-side factors. To address this gap，a supply-demand co-optimisation model for integrated energy systems is developed. [Methods] On the demand side，building performance simulation is used to generate a set of envelope retrofitting scenarios，and a load-shifting-based demand response strategy is introduced to enhance system flexibility. On the supply side，clustering methods are applied to extract typical days to represent annual variations in energy demand. A mixed-integer linear programming model is established to integrate these components and achieve supply-demand co-optimisation. [Conclusions] A case study based on a community in Shanghai shows that the proposed co-optimisation model can reduce the total annual cost by approximately five percent compared to a supply-side-only optimisation approach. Moderate envelope retrofitting enables optimal system performance，and the associated costs can be offset by savings in operational，carbon emission，and installed capacity costs. [Conclusions] The proposed model provides theoretical support and practical reference for the efficient configuration and operational optimisation of integrated energy systems under carbon tax constraints.