Disease modelling with in vitro vascularised organoids

Organoids are 3D systems derived from stem cells that recapitulate human tissue microenvironments, offering a useful tool for a wide range of investigations, including developmental biology, drug screening and disease modelling. As the vasculature is critical in biological processes within the human body, both in health and disease, recent efforts in the field have focused on developing vascularised organoids. In this At a Glance article, we discuss a number of currently available vasculature fabrication approaches, including co-culture with vascular endothelial cells, assembloids, co-differentiation, genetic engineering, 3D bioprinting and organ-on-a-chip systems, along with their advantages and limitations. We also provide a comparison of these fabrication approaches and their use for modelling diseases. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future directions regarding the use of vascularised organoids to mimic human physiological conditions and as clinically relevant models of human diseases.