Molecular insights into profilin 1-dependent regulation of cellular phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate

Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2), the most abundant cellular poly-phosphoinositide (PPI) class of phospholipid, is a central plasma membrane (PM)-associated signaling hub that controls many cellular processes. In this study, we demonstrate that both deletion of the gene encoding actin-binding protein profilin 1 (Pfn1) and disruption of Pfn1-actin interaction leads to downregulation of PM PIP2 content in cells. This is also phenocopied when F-actin is depolymerized, implying that Pfn1-dependent PIP2 alteration is related to its actin-regulatory function. Phospholipase C (PLC) activity is crucial for Pfn1-deficient cells to exhibit the PIP2-related phenotype. These findings, taken together with biochemical signatures of elevated PIP2 hydrolysis (higher baseline PM diacylglycerol-to PIP2 ratio and protein kinase C activity) exhibited by Pfn1-deficient cells, imply that PLC-mediated PIP2 hydrolysis plays a role in Pfn1-dependent regulation of PM PIP2. Furthermore, we unexpectedly found that Pfn1 loss leads to dramatic alterations in several other important forms of lipids, revealing a previously unrecognized role of Pfn1 as a broad regulator of cellular lipid environment that extends beyond PPI control. In conclusion, our study establishes Pfn1 as an important regulator of cellular lipid homeostasis.