Axe Throwing: Sex Differences In Upper Extremity Kinematics At Release

Axe throwing is a growing sport, yet few studies have examined upper body biomechanics during the throw. While trunk mechanics have been explored, limited data exist on shoulder, elbow, and wrist kinematics at release, key factors for accuracy and safety. It is also unknown whether male and female axe throwers adopt different strategies based on strength and size differences. PURPOSE: This study examined sex differences in shoulder, elbow and wrist angles at release during axe throwing among collegiate athletes. METHODS: Ten participants (5 females, 5 males) each completed four successful throws using a standardized double-bit axe (1.35 kg head, 15 cm bit, 52 cm handle) from ~5 m away at a 70.5 cm-wide target. Only throws that stuck were analyzed. Upper-limb angles were captured via inertial measurement units. Means and standard deviations were calculated across subject groups. Due to the small sample size, all trials for each subject were included as a case. Mean ± SD values were calculated, and nonparametric Mann-Whitney-U test compared sexes. RESULTS: At release, males showed greater elbow extension (F: 31.3° ± 3.33° vs. M: 14.62° ± 2.31°, p < .001) and shoulder extension (F: 112.34° ± 2.33° vs. M: 100.34° ± 2.97°, p =.003) than females. Wrist deviation angles were slightly higher in males, but not significant (F: 17.17° ± 3.80° vs M: 18.27° ± 4.04°, p = .55). Overall, males exhibited greater upper limb mobility during the throw. CONCLUSIONS: Notable sex-based differences were found in upper-limb kinematics at release. Males have slightly greater joint extension at the shoulder and elbow before releasing the axe, potentially enhancing throw speed and control. Training focused on improving extension, flexibility, and coordination may enhance performance for female throwers. However, there is a need for further research with larger samples to make a definitive judgement.