Systematic Review of Case Reports and Case Series Published Between 2015 and 2025 on the Use of Biomaterials for Closure of Oroantral Fistula

Oroantral fistulas (OAFs) challenge the clinical decision-making of oral surgeons, requiring selection of an effective biomaterial for successful closure. This systematic review aims to evaluate recent biomaterials and techniques for closing oroantral fistulas, as reported in case reports and series. The goal of this review was to assess how different biomaterials affect the clinical closure of OAFs and oroantral communication. This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines. Multiple scientific databases (Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library) were comprehensively searched using relevant MeSH terms and Boolean operators. Inclusion criteria were case series, reports, and presentations using biomaterials for OAF closure published between 2015 and 2025, with visibly defined outcomes. Reviews, animal studies, and case series and reports without biomaterial use were excluded. Two independent reviewers performed title/abstract and full-text screening. Data extraction included patient demographics, OAF characteristics, biomaterials used, and outcomes. Narrative synthesis was performed after assessing quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool. The final assessment of 189 records yielded 18 eligible studies, having patients (age range 20-77 years) with varied etiologies, such as infections and extraction, OAF dimensions, and follow-up periods (9 days to 13 months). Commonly used biomaterials included platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), advanced PRF, collagen membranes, and other grafts. Patient outcomes showed consistent OAF closure, symptom relief, and uneventful healing. Studies represented 12 countries. Variability in reporting OAF characteristics was noted. Diverse biomaterials are effective for OAF closure, with frequent use of PRF and advanced PRF. Consistent reporting of OAF characteristics is essential for future research and improved comparability.