Govtech ecosystem: A theoretical–conceptual framework

The growing interest in GovTech ecosystems reveals theoretical and methodological gaps. This study aims toadvance the theoretical understanding of GovTech ecosystems by proposing a theoretical-conceptual framework. Methodologically, it relies on a systematic literature review covering the period from 2014 to 2024, conducted following the PRISMA protocol and supported by AI-assisted screening tools. GovTech ecosystems are viewed as collaborative socio-technical systems that involve actors, resources, and coordination mechanisms to generate public value. As a result, the study presents a framework connecting three design dimensions of the GovTech ecosystem: the engagement of actors, including their skills, preferences, and interaction modes; the means for developing GovTech solutions, encompassing material transformation, information and intellectual processing,and relational services; and the nature of GovTech innovations and their contribution to public value creation. This framework provides an analytical basis for future empirical research and policy-oriented analysis.