Navigating Europe's agricultural transition: Systemic policy approaches to mixed farming and agroforestry

Mixed farming and agroforestry systems offer the potential to optimise resource use and reduce environmental impacts by integrating crops, livestock and trees. By improving soil health, biodiversity, and carbon sequestration, these diversified farming systems can help to build sustainable, resilient and climate-smart adapted agri-food systems and make farms more resilient to climate change. However, barriers to widespread adoption include financial constraints, knowledge gaps, and regulatory barriers. To support the transition to more sustainable agri-food systems, European policymakers need to align the support of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) with sustainability goals. Simplifying regulations and strengthening research, knowledge-sharing networks, and farmer training will enable the implementation and optimal management of these systems. Cooperation between farms can improve circularity and resource efficiency, including at landscape level. The public goods provided by sustainable agriculture need to be remunerated to ensure viability. Increasing consumer awareness and integrating mixed farming products into mainstream value chains can provide remuneration in the markets, but public funding for sustainable farming practices is likely to remain necessary. As CAP reforms continue, the integration of mixed farming systems into agricultural landscapes will be crucial for long-term environmental and economic resilience. The success of these reforms will determine how well European agriculture adapts to climate challenges while ensuring food security and ecosystem sustainability.