Association between Stressful Events, Sleep Patterns, Night-time Eating Behaviors, and BMI among Female University Students in Saudi Arabia

Healthy eating behaviors promote overall health and well-being. University students often experience lifestyle transitions that may increase the risk of poor dietary habits. Although it is known that factors such as stress, irregular sleep routines, and night-time eating patterns can adversely affect nutritional status and body mass index (BMI), the specific associations are unclear. This study aimed to examine the associations between stress, sleep patterns, night-time eating behaviors, and BMI among female university students at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Using a comparative design, data were collected at two time points during the examination period, representing stressful event and at the start of the semester, representing control period The participants were mostly single (90%) and academically high-performing students, exhibiting varied sleep habits, with 51.6% sleeping 7–8 h/night. Approximately 41% of the participants considered themselves to be slightly physically active. Analysis of BMI-related data revealed no significant differences between BMI and most variables. However, breakfast consumption varied among weight categories, with students who were underweight consuming breakfast less frequently. Students who were underweight displayed the highest Three Factor Eating Questionnaire scores (53.6 ± 7.9). The prevalence of night-eating habits remained stable between the control and stress (examination) periods, with moderate perceived stress levels. Sleep patterns significantly influenced night-time eating behaviors. Additionally, students with sleep disorders demonstrated elevated night-time eating and stress scores during the control period. Therefore, targeted interventions that promote healthier eating habits and overall well-being are needed, potentially mitigating the impact of stress and irregular sleep patterns on eating behaviors and BMI.