Analysis of soil fertility status based on pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium parameters across different land locations in south Kalimantan

Soil fertility is a key determinant of agricultural productivity and land sustainability, particularly in regions with diverse land-use systems such as South Kalimantan. Understanding spatial variability in soil chemical properties is essential for developing site-specific management strategies and improving nutrient use efficiency. This study evaluated soil fertility status based on soil pH, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) across different land locations to provide a scientific basis for sustainable land management. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed using secondary data from laboratory soil analyses, with samples collected from ten locations representing different land-use types, each with three replications. Descriptive statistical analysis, including mean and standard deviation, was used to assess variability among sites. The results showed that soil pH ranged from slightly acidic to near neutral (5.10–5.97), while nitrogen content varied widely from 11.0 to 691.7, phosphorus from 14.3 to 984.0, and potassium from 35.0 to 1459.3 across locations. Higher nutrient levels were observed in agricultural areas such as Dir. Kurau and Padang Luas 1, whereas significantly lower values were recorded in aquaculture sites such as Tambak Raden 2 and Maluko Baulin. These findings indicate that soil fertility is highly variable and strongly influenced by land-use practices. Therefore, routine soil testing and site-specific fertilization strategies are essential to optimize productivity and ensure long-term soil sustainability.