Psychological safety and employee well-being in local government: Institutional and organizational evidence from Zamboanga City, Philippines

This study examines the institutional determinants of psychological safety and employee well-being in Zamboanga City local government, linking organizational structures, leadership practices, and human resource policies to governance outcomes. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research draws on Civil Service Commission HR audit data, grievance reports, turnover intention metrics, and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders across multiple departments. The findings reveal that decentralized authority, participatory leadership, transparent decision-making, and supportive HR mechanisms enhance psychological safety, reduce stress, and improve employee engagement, particularly in administrative and engineering units. Conversely, centralized authority, rigid hierarchies, and high citizen-facing workloads in departments such as Health and Social Welfare elevate stress, absenteeism, and turnover risk. Comparative analysis situates Zamboanga City within Philippine and Global South contexts, highlighting patterns consistent with OECD benchmarks while emphasizing the need for context-specific adaptation. The study proposes a conceptual framework in which psychological safety, mediated by organizational support and job satisfaction, drives employee well-being, moderated by institutional factors such as HRM policies, participatory mechanisms, and leadership inclusivity. These results underscore the importance of human-centered governance and structural reform in enhancing workforce sustainability, organizational performance, and service delivery in resource-constrained municipalities.