Architectural and Design Concept of Prefabricated Housing in the Conditions of Kazakhstan

The development of the concept of prefabricated low-rise housing adapted to the conditions of Kazakhstan is of particular relevance in the context of specific climatic and geographical features of the region, such as high seismic activity, sharp temperature fluctuations, and the need for rapid deployment of residential facilities in emergency situations. The purpose of this study was to create an architectural and design concept of prefabricated housing with a focus on innovative structural solutions that meet modern requirements for energy efficiency, earthquake resistance and mobility. The study developed and tested three experimental variants of architectural models: block-modular system, containerised assembly, and transformable design. These schemes were chosen due to their prominent degree of industrialisation, the possibility of rapid assembly, and adaptation to the natural and climatic conditions of Kazakhstan. Each model was analysed in detail in terms of speed of assembly, energy efficiency, resistance to seismic loads, and economic feasibility. The findings revealed that the block-modular system demonstrated the best balance between adaptability, energy efficiency, and scalability, making it the most suitable for permanent housing. The containerised system was found to be the most suitable for use in remote areas due to its factory-ready and compact nature, while the transformable design provided high flexibility, making it ideal for temporary and seasonal solutions. The developed architectural model demonstrated high energy efficiency and seismic resistance, as evidenced by heat loss and seismic load calculations, as well as its ability to be used in extreme climatic changes. The seismic resistance of the model was evaluated considering seismic loads of magnitudes 8-9, which confirmed its ability to withstand considerable deformations and stresses. These findings make the proposed concept suitable for mass application in Kazakhstan, both for permanent housing and for emergency deployment of residential facilities.