Light focusing through dynamic media via a real-valued intensity transmission matrix

Precise light delivery through biological tissue is essential for deep-tissue imaging and phototherapeutic applications. Wavefront shaping enables control over scattered light by modulating the incident wavefront, but its application in living tissue is hindered by tissue-induced temporal decorrelation. This study systematically investigated the real-valued intensity transmission matrix (RVITM), a high-speed wavefront shaping method, for light focusing across a range of speckle decorrelation times (∼10–300 ms). The inherent trade-off between static light focusing enhancement and implementation speed is characterized, providing practical guidelines for implementing RVITM in real-time wavefront shaping under varying dynamic conditions. Effective optical focusing using an RVITM algorithm with a 33 ms runtime was achieved through porcine liver with decorrelation times as short as 13 ms, demonstrating feasibility for biologically relevant dynamics and supporting the development of adaptive, non-invasive optical control for biomedical applications.