Pixel density and viewing-zone angle enhancement of integral 3D display using 2D image time-division multiplexing and eye-tracking technologies

Optics Express 2026 Open access

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Authors: Hayato Watanabe, Naoto Okaichi, Masanori Kano, Yasutaka Maeda, Hisayuki Sasaki, Takuya Handa
DOI: 10.1364/oe.584055
Cited by: 2
References: 30

Abstract

This paper proposes an integral three-dimensional (3D) display that combines time-division multiplexing (TDM) and eye-tracking (ET) technologies to enhance the maximum pixel density and viewing-zone angle of 3D images. TDM synthesizes integral 3D and two-dimensional (2D) images using a lens array that can switch between lens-array and transparent modes, while ET expands the viewing-zone angle without degrading the maximum pixel density. Additionally, a method for generating elemental image arrays and 2D images optimized for ET was developed. The prototype display apparatus produced 3D images with a maximum pixel density of 510 pixels per inch and viewing-zone angles of 86.5° horizontally and 54.5° vertically.

Fields of Study & Subjects

Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies Interactive and Immersive Displays Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts

Publication details

Journal / source
Optics Express
Publisher
Optica Publishing Group
Volume
34
Issue
4
Pages
6948–6948
Publication date
10 February 2026
Language
EN