The associations of dietary exposure to selected food additives with dietary patterns and overweight

BACKGROUND: The global rise in obesity correlates with increased consumption of ultra-processed foods, which often contain various food additives. The impact of these additives on obesity remains underexplored. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the association between the intake of food additives and overweight and obesity, and their correlation with diet quality. METHODS: Data were derived from the Tel-Hai cohort, which includes 924 adults aged 19-65 years from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Participants provided demographic information, quality of life, and physical activity data through a questionnaire. Dietary intake was assessed using a 116-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated based on self-reported height and weight, categorizing participants into normal weight (BMI ≤ 25) and excess weight (BMI > 25) groups. The study quantified participants' exposure to food additives from the FFQ, focusing on consumption of ultra-processed foods containing additives such as preservatives, colorants, and artificial sweeteners. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet [MD] was assessed using a 9-point score, divided into 3 levels of adherence. RESULTS: Analysis of data from 924 respondents revealed that 622 individuals (67.3% of the total) were at normal weight, while 302 (32.7%) were overweight or obese. Overweight/obese individuals consumed more preservatives (sorbates and nitrites), stabilizers (carrageenan and sulfates), and artificial sweeteners (acesulfame K, cyclamate, and aspartame) (p < 0.05). Lower adherence to the MD corresponded with significantly higher consumption of these additives. Additionally, demographic variables such as age and ethnicity correlated with higher additive intake and obesity rates. CONCLUSION: Although food additive consumption did not exceed safety limits, its association with obesity highlights a potential public health concern. The findings advocate for dietary guidelines that consider the broader implications of ultra-processed products beyond caloric and nutrient content.