ANODE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM MARINE SEAWEEDS AND SEAGRASSES FOR METAL-ION BATTERIES: PROBLEMS AND ACHIEVEMENTS

Carbon materials are considered and used as electroactive components for negative electrodes of various metal-ion batteries. The advantages of carbon materials are availability and low cost of raw materials for their production, which provides benefits in scaling technologies based on them. Recently, biomass has been considered among the most promising sources of carbon, since it is a renewable and available resource. The review summarizes and systematizes the results of studies over the last decade on carbon materials and carbon-based composites derived from the biomass of seaweeds and seagrasses for negative electrodes of the metal-ion (lithium-, sodium-, potassium-ion) batteries. An analysis of researches devoted to the production and study of such anode materials from seaweed-extracted polysaccharides was also performed. The relationship between the conditions for producing carbon materials and carbon-based composites, their characteristics (specific surface area, porosity, distance between graphene layers, degree of ordering, etc.) and electrochemical properties for metal-ion batteries (initial Coulombic efficiency, reversible capacity, rate performance, etc.) is analyzed. Methods for modifying such materials to improve their functional properties are discussed.