Regulated Black Hole Inference

Black holes occupy a unique position in astrophysics, serving simultaneously as predictions of general relativity, laboratories for extreme gravity, and statistical populations inferred almost entirely through indirect observation. Despite major advances in gravitational-wave astronomy and high-resolution imaging, significant ambiguity remains in black-hole demographics, growth histories, and scaling relations. In this paper, the author extends the refined Spectral–Geometric Additive–Multiplicative (AM)-regulator framework previously applied to pulsars and magnetars to black hole observations. Demonstrating that, much of the apparent diversity in black-hole mass distributions, accretion states, and merger statistics can be traced to regulated Observability rather than intrinsic physical bifurcation. This framework preserves general relativity and standard astrophysical processes while imposing explicit information-theoretic and geometric constraints on inference. [2]