Modelling diaphragm walls using a time-dependent elasto-plastic material model

This paper utilizes an advanced time-dependent elastoplastic material model for the modelling of diaphragm walls via the Finite Element Method (FEM). After describing the timedependent behaviour of concrete, the Shotcrete material model is specified, and calibration of the material model in long-term conditions based on laboratory testing is carried out. Finally, a real boundary value problem of deep excavation supported by permanent diaphragm walls with the strut is solved. Various strategies of modelling are used and compared. The Shotcrete material model allows simulating creep deformations continuously (that is not stepwise), but when limiting tensile and compressive strength, it is necessary to include reinforcement.