Features of bioenergetic metabolism in physiological and pathological conditions: focus on oncogenesis

The basis of the vital activity of each cell of the body is energy metabolism, necessary for the implementation of physiological needs in norm and pathology. The most important pathways for the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate are glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose, free fatty acids and amino acids can be used as a substrate for obtaining energy. As the disease develops, reprogramming occurs in cells with the ability to switch between energy pathways and the choice of its sources, forming a specific metabolic phenotype that ensures cell survival and the formation of clinical characteristics of the disease. The availability of information on pathophysiological changes at the level of cell metabolism is of scientific and practical interest in relation to the development of methods for accurate diagnosis and the choice of personalized tactics in each specific case. This review describes the characteristics of energy metabolism in normal and tumor cells. It also provides information on modern methods for assessing energy metabolism in the body.