Institutional Form for Effective and Efficient Urban Transport Management in Makassar, Indonesia

The Makassar urban mobility is experiencing a row of challenges related to the low patronage of the existing transport systems, excessive reliance on personal cars, fragmented institutional structures, and stresses on the environment, which are increasing. The paper will take the form of focusing on how Makassar city should be well structured and provided with public transport at the city level from the stakeholders' perspective, the influencing factors, the nature of user demand, trends, and limitations of the governance. The information collected on the research was through the studies of policy documents, interviews conducted with stakeholders such as the Department of Transportation, Baddeda, the public works office, the private operators, and technical agencies, and secondary transport statistics. The Badan Usaha Milik Daerah (BUMD), Badan Layanan Umum Daerah (BLUD), and Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) are compared against the benchmarks of the effectiveness of governance, financial sustainability, the ability to integrate, political feasibility, user orientation, and environmental commitment. Results showed that after 25 semi-structured interviews, there were similar themes in institutional issues such as fragmentation between the provincial and the city governments, low financial abilities, and the lack of inter-mode integration. The announcement of the central subsidy cuts reflected in the reductions of Trans Mamminasata (limited to Koridor 5: Fakultas Teknik Unhas Gowa – Unhas Tamalanrea via Mall Panakkukang) was accentuated by stakeholders as opposed to the provincial introduction of Trans Sulsel in July 2025 (Koridor 1: Makassar– Takalar; Koridor 2: Unhas Tamalanrea–Bandara-Mandai), which portends more potential regional coordination.