Energy-Efficient Framework for IoT based Smart Agriculture

Internet of Things enabled Wireless Sensor Network (IoT-WSN) uses low-powered devices that are capable enough to transmit the data over a very long range. This type of network may be utilized to automate the farming process, and it can also be deployed to monitor the environmental parameters continuously. In IoT-WSN, multiple layers are engaged, and energy consumption fluctuates based on the operations executed at each layer. This disproportionate usage can diminish overall network performance and result in the premature depletion of essential resources. It is necessary to optimise the energy consumption over the network to support long-term network operations. This paper presents an energy-efficient framework designed to improve performance in IoT networks. The framework is evaluated using multiple IoT protocols, including Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN), SigFox, IPv6 over Low-power Wireless Personal Area Networks (SixLoWPAN), and Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (LR-WPAN), under scalable sensor density. Experimental analysis demonstrates that the proposed methodology significantly extends network longevity, particularly within the frameworks of LoRaWAN and LR-WPAN. Compared to existing solutions, including the Hybrid Trust Aware Algorithm (HTWA) and the Improved Smart Energy-Based Routing Protocol (ISEBRP), the proposed configuration LoRaWAN-EF achieves superior results marked by heightened throughput, augmented residual energy, and reduced delay. thereby demonstrating that the proposed cross-layer framework offers a robust and scalable solution for energy-constrained IoT-WSN-based smart agriculture.