Bio-fortification in crops, recent approaches, challenges and future strategies: A review

Micronutrient deficiencies such as folic acid, carotenoids, selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and iodine (I) affect individuals globally, posing significant challenges to human health and development and so become a major concern for the future. Involvement of modern practices such as plant breeding and genetic engineering in biofortification has become a sustainable answer for these deficiencies. This strategy is particularly beneficial for the health of low-income people with limited access to commercially fortified foods. With a one-time investment and the ability for farmers to propagate seeds at minimal cost, biofortification offers a promising avenue for long-term nutritional improvement. Recent advancements have seen the introduction of biofortified crop varieties through targeting various macro and micronutrients, antioxidants and other bioavailable components. Despite its potential, biofortified crops encounter obstacles related to development, distribution and consumer acceptance. Overcoming these challenges is crucial for optimizing the utilization of biofortified foods and achieving widespread impact in combating malnutrition and starvation worldwide.