Diversity of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) and their role as sustainable tools in insect pest management: A review

Insect pest management has been predominantly dependent on synthetic pesticides for decades. This trend persisted until the landmark publication of Rachel Carson’s “Silent Spring” in 1962, which raised global concern over the environmental and health risks posed by chemical pesticides. Since then, the search for safe, eco-friendly and effective alternatives has become a global priority. Biopesticides have emerged as one of the most promising options, derived from natural sources such as microorganisms, plant extracts and beneficial insects. They have minimal environmental impact and are safe for non-target organisms and align well with integrated pest management (IPM) practices. Despite accounting for only 3–5 % of the global pesticide market, biopesticides are witnessing a rapid annual growth rate of 10–15 %, driven by increasing awareness and growing demand for residue-free agricultural produce. Among biopesticides, entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) form a distinct group known as mycoinsecticides, which infect and kill insect pests through contact. Unlike other microbial agents that require ingestion, EPF penetrate the insect cuticle, germinate and then colonise the host, making them effective against a broad range of pests. Formulated as wettable powders, emulsifiable concentrates, or granules, these mycopesticides have shown pest control efficacy between 60 % and 90 % depending on the species and environmental conditions. Additionally, certain EPF may establish endophytic relationships with specific plant species and trigger induced systemic resistance, further contributing to crop protection. However, their wider application faces constraints like slower action, environmental sensitivity and formulation challenges. Advances in biotechnology, formulation techniques and integration into IPM can help overcome these limitations and enhance their adoption in sustainable agriculture.