Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV): A comprehensive review of its virology, epidemiology, clinical features, and advances in diagnosis and prevention

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading viral cause of respiratory infections worldwide, particularly affecting children, elderly adults, and immunocompromised individuals. Since its discovery in 2001, HMPV has been recognized as a significant pathogen responsible for both upper and lower respiratory tract infections, often manifesting as bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and wheezing in infants, as well as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in older adults and immunocompromised patients. Although it shares clinical features with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), HMPV is genetically distinct, posing unique challenges for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of HMPV, focusing on its virus structure, genetic makeup, taxonomy, clinical features, and epidemiology. It also explores advances in diagnosis, prevention, and therapeutic strategies, highlighting the urgent need for continued research to address the global burden of HMPV.