Fully battery electric ferries, limits and prospects for reducing emissions

This paper conducts an integrated qualitative policy analysis and quantitative assessment of emissions and technological characterization to evaluate the electrification potential of the passenger vessel fleet. Based on the existing global electric fleet, a technical framework was established with critical parameters: battery ≤4750 kWh, length ≤149 m, recharge time ≤3 min, capacity ≤1250 passengers, range ≤55 km, and power ≤6000 kW. The results indicate a mitigation potential of 1.74% of global maritime emissions. Qualitative analysis demonstrates that current technological maturity enables electrification, but tailored policies are essential to overcome economic barriers and ensure competitiveness with land-based transport, securing an effective energy transition for the sector.