Spatial pattern of volcanic spring in the holocene stratovolcano and volcanic complex under the diversity of geomorphological aspects: a study from Central Java, Indonesia

This paper analyses the distribution pattern of springs and evaluates the influence of the diversity of geomorphological aspects on the distribution pattern of springs. This study collected data through observation, remote sensing, literature study, and documents. A survey was carried out using a systematic sampling method. Data were analysed by geographic information system analysis using the average nearest neighbour, supported by statistical analysis of comparative tests. There are several significant findings in this study. First, the distribution of springs in the stratovolcano has a clustered pattern. Second, the distribution in the volcanic complex is random. Third, the formation of radial valleys due to denudation triggers the emergence of springs. Last, the average discharge and water quality are relatively the same. In summary, this study provides new insights into the distribution pattern of springs in stratovolcano and volcanic complexes in wet tropical climates, which is still very limited in the previous literature.