How Many Is Too Many? Global Evidence on Overtourism and Environment

Abstract Tourism has become one of the fastest-growing sectors globally, yet it presents significant environmental challenges – particularly in developing countries, where its carbon footprint constitutes a substantial share of total carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. This study empirically investigates the impact of tourism on CO 2 emissions using a comprehensive panel dataset covering 201 countries and territories over the period 1995–2023. The findings reveal that international tourist arrivals have a statistically and economically significant positive effect on CO 2 emissions, even after accounting for other relevant control variables. This effect is especially pronounced in developing countries, where fossil fuels remain the dominant energy source and environmental regulations are often less stringent. By contrast, in advanced economies, the relationship between tourism and CO 2 emissions is not statistically significant. Notably, the analysis also shows that stronger environmental regulations can help mitigate the negative externalities associated with overtourism. These empirical results underscore the urgent need for a comprehensive policy framework that promotes sustainable tourism, accelerates the transition to cleaner energy sources, and strengthens environmental governance.