Analysis of Wood Defects in Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karsten) from Mixed Uneven-Aged Forest Stand

Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karsten) is one of the most economically important conifer species in Europe. Efficient utilisation and processing of its wood require detailed knowledge of its technical properties, as well as the most common wood defects that substantially affect both properties and utilisation. Given the crucial role of wood defects in the roundwood classification system, the primary objective of this study was to identify defects in Norway spruce and to analyse the influence of forest assortment characteristics (diameter and position along the stem) and tree attributes (diameter at breast height and position within the stand) on the size of wood defects. The research was conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina, within a forest compartment of an uneven-aged, mixed beech and silver fir stand with spruce. Trees were felled and processed into assortments using a chainsaw, predominantly applying the cut-to-length method. After measuring the assortment dimensions, the occurrence of defects was assessed, and their sizes were determined. The analysis showed that, following knots, the most common wood defect was rot, followed by pith eccentricity, compression wood, scars, mechanical damage, and resin pockets. Statistically significant differences were found in the size of knots, ellipticity, and taper among different diameter classes of assortments (p