Recent Advances in the Catalytic Epoxidation of Oleic Acid for Bio-polyol Synthesis

The catalytic epoxidation of oleic acid is a key process in bio-polyol synthesis, offering a renewable alternative to petroleum-based materials. This review explores recent advances in catalyst development, process optimisation, and kinetic modelling, with an emphasis on the transition from conventional homogeneous catalysts to more sustainable heterogeneous alternatives, such as zeolites and metal oxides. Key factors influencing reaction efficiency, including catalyst stability, oxirane retention, and by-product control, are critically analysed. The discussion also highlights industrial applications and potential improvements to enhance process scalability and economic feasibility. This review provides insights into overcoming current challenges and advancing sustainable bio-polyol production.