12-Step Participation Is Linked to Lower Drinking and Specific Impulsive Personality Traits in Early Alcohol Use Disorder Recovery

Objective: Participation in 12-step groups (TS), such as Alcoholics Anonymous, confers benefits among individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD), and one candidate mechanism underlying these effects is reductions in impulsivity. Using a multidimensional assessment of impulsivity, the current study examined delay discounting (DD) and impulsive personality traits in a longitudinal cohort of adults with AUD initiating a significant recovery attempt. Methods: A prospective matched-sample cohort study design compared participants who reported a clinically meaningful increase in TS attendance (i.e., increase of ≥1 meetings/week; n=77) from enrollment to 6 weeks to a matched control group who did not increase attendance (n=77). Drinking was assessed using the Timeline Followback (% drinking days [%DD], % heavy drinking days [%HDD]); impulsivity was assessed using the 5-trial DD task and five UPPS-P subscales. Mediation models evaluated whether impulsivity explained the relationship between increased TS attendance and alcohol outcomes. Results: Compared to matched controls, participants who increased TS significantly exhibited reduced %DD and %HDD (ps < 0.001), as well as Negative Urgency (i.e., acting out due to negative emotions) and Lack of Perseverance (i.e., failure to persist in tasks) (ps = 0.03) after their recovery attempt. Reductions in impulsivity, however, did not mediate the association between increased TS attendance and drinking. Conclusions: Increased TS attendance was associated with significant reductions in drinking and certain impulsivity traits in early AUD recovery. However, while the changes were contemporaneous, impulsivity did not explain the benefits of TS effects. Future research should evaluate this hypothesis in larger samples and over longer follow-up periods.