Recent advances in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy instruments

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an analytical technique based on atomic emission spectroscopy, with broad application prospects. Compared with traditional atomic spectroscopy, LIBS offers distinct advantages for on-site analysis, online monitoring, and other related applications. Currently, the development of LIBS technology is entering a critical transition, shifting from a technology-driven to an application-driven paradigm. Instrument development is a key indicator reflecting the maturity of a technology. In this work, the key components of LIBS instruments are briefly introduced. The current research landscape and latest progress of LIBS instruments are reviewed from four aspects: laboratory-based (off-line detection), field detection (in-line/near-line), portable (primarily handheld), and special application scenarios. Additionally, the instrumental advancements of LIBS in Mars exploration, deep-sea exploration, the nuclear industry, high-temperature molten alloy metallurgy, and agricultural heavy-metal detection are summarized. Finally, based on the current research status, this work assesses the major challenges and opportunities in LIBS instrument development and puts forward suggestions to further advance the field.