Composition characteristics of volatile organic compounds in different tree species and their chemical ecological functions

Ancient trees represent a significant ecological niche, constituting a vital habitat for a variety of species. Moreover, they serve as a cultural heritage and are worthy of preservation. The systematic analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the wood of 11 species of ancient trees in Sichuan Province was performed using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC–MS). The results revealed significant compositional variations across different ancient trees species. This finding indicates species-specific chemical defense mechanisms that have evolved in response to environmental adaptation. For instance, Magnolia sargentiana exhibited a preference for terpene-based preservation, whereas Acer grosseri demonstrated a preference for lipid-derived aldehydes. Terpenoids, which are the dominant constituents (e.g., α-cedrene and β-cedrene in Magnolia sargentiana and hexanal in Acer grosseri), demonstrate antimicrobial, insect-repellent and ecological signaling functions. These findings contribute to the advancement of knowledge regarding the role of VOCs in woods in ecological interactions and lay the foundation for the development of natural antimicrobial, flavorant, and medicinal products.